Increase In Ontarios Cost of Living Tied to Minimum Wage...

Research Question. Should increases to Ontario’s minimum wage be tied to the cost of living? Minimum wage is something that maintains the stability of a states economy. Minimum wage is regulated by the provincial government where the most minor of changes creates an exponential ripple effect through both local and international economies. A minimum wage is the wage that is able to provide not only for bare physical needs but also for preservation of efficiency of workers plus some measure of education, health and other things. Like it’s stated above, minimum wage has ties to many other things other than income, such as: education, healthcare, economic statuses and stability, worker efficiency and overall family life. Cost of living is†¦show more content†¦The student hourly wage is presently $9.60/hour and is set to increase to $10.30/hour on June 1st, 2014. Liquor servers’ minimum wage is the hourly rate, which applies to employees who directly serve liquor to customers or guests in licensed premises as a regular part of their work. Licensed premises are businesses, which have been issued a license or permit issued under the Liquor License Act, which allows an establishment to serve liquor. Liquor servers presently make $8.90/hour and as of June 1st, 2014, $9.55. Hunting and fishing guides minimum wage are based on blocks of time instead of by the hour. They get a minimum amount for working less than five consecutive hours in a day, and a different amount for working five hours or more in a day- whether or not the hours are consecutive. The hourly rate for working less than five consecutive hours is presently $51.25 and will be raised to $55.00 as of June 1st, 2014. The hourly wage for working five or more hours whether it is consecutive or not is presently $102.50 and will also be soon raised to $110.00 as of June 1st, 2014. Homeworkers wage are hourly wages paid to employees who do paid work in their own homes. For example: sew clothes for a clothing manufacturer or write software for a high-tech company. The hourly wage is pr esently set at $11.28/hour but is soon set to change to $12.10 as of June 1st, 2014. Cost of Living is the

Shedding Some Light of Schizophrenia Essay - 1551 Words

Schizophrenia affects about 2.5 million Americans and 24 million worldwide. However, not everything is known about the mental illness. What part of the brain Schizophrenia affects and the different types of tests used to detect it. What medications have shown the best results, but what are their side effects that may come with? Is it worth the risk? Also what are all the possible ways Schizophrenia can be instigated? â€Å"New test and machines also enabled researchers to study the structure of schizophrenic brains.† There were studies done to compare those of a normal brains and ones affected by Schizophrenia, it showed several structural differences. â€Å"The most common finding was the enlargement of the lateral ventricles, which are†¦show more content†¦But doctors use certain tests to make sure nothing else as at the root of the symptoms.† The doctor will begin to ask you questions about your mental health and medical history. If you are hearing voices, h aving odd experiences or having confusing thoughts that you can’t control. If they think you need to be further tested they may proceed with a MRI, CT scan. Those will then check the structure, function and size of your brain. From then on they will diagnose you with the Schizophrenia mental disorder if you have hallucinations, delusions. Other factors may also show symptoms of Schizophrenia but those two are the main ones that are most easily recognizable. There are numerous different types of medications that you can take with schizophrenia. There was â€Å"a 4-week of placebo-controlled trial in hospitalized patients with acute Schizophrenia.† â€Å"Risperidone was used as an active control in this study.† There are physiological treatments that include cognitive behavior therapy, family therapy and one-on-one therapy that contribute to help manage the schizophrenia. Anti-psychotic medicines are called â€Å"atypical†, it helps to contribute to improv e and maintain symptoms. You can get them as injections, liquid form and also pills. You have to participate in a maintenance plan that helps to manage and prevent acute episodes from coming backShow MoreRelatedMarxism In Arthur Millers Death Of A Salesman1465 Words   |  6 Pagesof psychotic disorder shows a true linkage between class position and the rate of treated cases in the population, but the relationship is indirect: The lower the class, the higher the rate (Hollingshead Redlich, 1757). Depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and Antisocial Personality Disorder were common psychiatric disorders found to correlate to middle or lower-class individuals such as Willy Lowman (Walsh et al, 2013). This research implies that Willy Lowmans mental deterioration was either aRead MoreThe Physiology, Metabolism, Biochemistry1433 Words   |  6 Pageschronic. 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Keynesian school of Macroeconomic Free Essays

Keynesian school of Macroeconomic thought appeals to me the most. Therefore, it is necessary to outline its main ideas related to monetary and fiscal policy. It is important to know that this theory is based on ideas of famous British economist John Keynes and it is rooted in the 20th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Keynesian school of Macroeconomic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Keynesian economy claims that mixed economy is the best type of managing fiscal and monetary policies, where special attention is paid to private sector and state. Keynesians doesn’t think that both state and private sector should operate on their own and, therefore, their policy differs significantly from laissez-faire economy. Such idea is the most appealing to me, because I think that every sector should be under thorough control. (Blinder 2003) The next moment to mention is that Keynesians believe macro-level trends are able to dominate over the micro-level of individual behavior. In contrast to classical theory, Keynesians promote an idea that aggregate demand for good is of great importance in economy and is its main driving force. Speaking about fiscal and monetary policies, Keynesians aim at raising saving in order to lower the demand for labor and products. For example, they stated that there were many ways for the government to ensure effective management of national economy. Instead of paying attention to unbalanced budgets, Keynesian theory suggests countercyclical fiscal policies, â€Å"which acted against the tide of the business cycle: deficit spending when a nation’s economy suffers from recession or when recovery is long-delayed and unemployment is persistently high†. (Blinder 2003) Therefore, the government should solve short-term problems. Also Keynesians think that fiscal stimulus or deficit spending may actuate production. Rather interesting idea is that government should be complementary. And fiscal expansion is possible only in case of slack in labor market. However, Keynesian theory is criticized because of unbalanced view of monetary policy. For example, it is suggested that their approach to economy is rather collectivist which requires centralized planning and, in such a way, it may lead to totalitarian abuses. Keynesians are more concerned with considerations instead of executing. (Blinder 2003) References Blinder, Alan. (2003). Keynesian Economics. Retrieved February 15, 2007, from http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/KeynesianEconomics.html How to cite Keynesian school of Macroeconomic, Essay examples

Pros and Cons of Minimum Wages

Question: Discuss about the Pros and Cons of Minimum Wages. Answer: Introduction Most federal governments set a minimum wage legislation to protect workers in the labor market. Typically, a minimum wage refers to a workers base pay per hour. Often, this base pay is set above the market equilibrium pay rate. Thus, employers are expected to pay its workforce a wage above the equilibrium pay rate. In Australia, the federal government plays an active role in the labor market and sets a minimum wage for all employees in the country. Notably, this legislation has significant effects on consumers, employers, the workforce and the government in general. Minimum Wage Legislation in Australia It is worth noting that Australia has one of the highest wage floors in the developed world. For this reason, the economy is entrenched as the most expensive labor market in the world. According to a 2014 report by the OECD, the nation had an after-tax minimum pay rate of $9.54 (Pannett, 2015). At the time, this rate was seconded by countries like Luxembourg and Belgium at $9.24 and $8.57 respectively (Petroff, 2015). The states minimum wage has been increasing steadily every year since the late 1990s (Australia Minimum Wage, 2017). Despite the high minimum, Australia has a low tax burden. What is more, the level of unemployment in the economy has been dropping significantly over the years. Last year, the Fair Work Commission instigated a minimum pay raise for workers in the country. Specifically, it increased the rate by 2.4 percent. According to the law, the minimum hourly rate is $17.70. Thus, all employers were expected to pay its employees a minimum of $672.70 every week (ABC 2016). In 2014, it increased the rate by about 50 cents per hour, to $16.87. Thus, employees were paid at least $640.90 weekly (Mondschein, 2015). In the following year, the commission further raised the rate to $17.29 per hour (Mondschein, 2015). Consequently, workers expected a minimum pay of $656.90 each week (Hurst, 2015). Notably, the Commission has consistently been increasing this rate over the years. Source: (Trading Economic, 2017). Impact of the Minimum Wage Legislation Throughout its application, the minimum wage rule has had significant impacts on the economy. Whereas some of the effects may be positive and beneficial for the economy, others are harmful and detrimental to all stakeholders (Australian Government, 2016). Primarily, this legislation affects employers, consumers, the government and the labor force. For this reason, it is crucial, that the formulation of these laws are evaluated carefully to weigh their pros and cons, and their overall effect on the economy. Minimum Wage Legislation from the Firms Perspective Typically, this regulation affects employers and companies more than the other stakeholders. By and large, an increase in the wage floor for workers translates to additional costs for the business. As such, it means that the employer spends more money in paying additional wages to its employees. In turn, this increases the operational costs of the company and reduces its profits. Reduced profits may force the firm to close down (NELP, 2015). Therefore, to prevent this, the company is obliged to shift the extra burden to consumers. In turn, they raise their prices, making goods and services in the economy more expensive. Subsequently, this would reduce the aggregate demand in the economy. Alternatively, the firm may lay off some of its workers to reduce wage expenses. As a result, many workers may lose their jobs. Besides, a rise in workers compensation may force the firm to invest in machines and robots to replace the workers in the production process. Predominantly, the use of machines instead of human workers will save the company a lot of money from automated processes. Then again, the business may opt to outsource labor from other countries with lower minimum wages to do the same work for a cheaper cost. Eventually, the level of unemployment in the country will rise. In retrospect, an increase in the minimum pay may also be beneficial to the firm. Specifically, a pay rise will boost the workforces morale. In turn, this will bring about an increase in their productivity. Enhanced firm productivity increases the firms earnings and profitability. Thus, the firm may expand and improve its overall operations. In the same way, higher wages encourages workers to put more effort into their work. It also ensures that they enjoy their work. Therefore, this reduces the workers turnover (Roberts, 2013). Mostly, this is attributed to the fact that higher wages make work more attractive and reduces the rate of absenteeism. In the process, the employer gains. A high minimum wage also ensures that the firm makes more sales. Precisely, a rise in the level of salaries in the country means that more households have more disposable income to spend on goods and services (Wilson, 2012). Thus, the more the income, the more products and services they purchase. In turn, this increases the overall sales that the company makes, thereby enhancing its profitability. In this regard, the effects of the minimum wage laws in the country from the firms perspective may vary, depending on whether the pros outweigh the cons (Wilson, 2012). Thus, although the laws may have adverse effects on the firm in terms of costs, some benefits may accrue in the process. Minimum Wage from the Labor Forces Perspective It is imperative to note that the minimum pay laws benefit workers more than any other group. Primarily, the implementation of a pay rise legislation means that the employees earn more than they previously received (Bronchu Green, 2014). For this reason, they have more disposable income to spend on goods and services. Most importantly, it raises the standards of living for impoverished workers as they can afford more decent housing and basic needs (Williams, 2015). Thus, low-paid and low-skilled workers benefit significantly from increased wages. According to the workers, an increase in the least possible pay rate provides an incentive for the unskilled and unemployed workers to seek employment opportunities at the prevailing rate. Particularly, this is due to the fact that a minimum pay rate guarantees low-skilled employees that they will receive a guaranteed minimum wage (Brochu Green, 2014). Thus, they become more active in looking for jobs (CBO, 2014). In turn, this reduces the level of poverty and impoverishment in the society and the economy in general. Also, increasing the pay rate may help to reduce race and gender-based income inequality. Sequentially, this may facilitate a move towards income equality in the economy. Furthermore, higher wage rates enhance job satisfaction. Normally, minimum wage earners who do not experience constant growth in their earnings or even a raise to cover the cost of living often feel happier working after the government increases their pay (Stone, 2014). Accordingly, they are less likely to look for alternative job opportunities, quit or make pay demands since they are content with the small wage raise in the minimum wages (FRBSF, 2015). Moreover, with the intensifying living costs, individuals who earn the minimum pay have a sense of financial security. Irrespective of the benefits, a minimum wage legislation may create significant consequences for the labor force. While the primary objective of higher wages is to help workers, it may end up harming them (Smith, 2014). As mentioned earlier, an increase in the wage rate may entice individuals who were previously unemployed to seek work. Consequently, the entry of new workers into the labor market would increase the number of people in the workforce. At the same time, firms may lay off some of its workers to reduce the overall wage costs (Mejeur, 2014). In turn, this increases the supply of labor over and beyond overall demand. Unfortunately, a minimum wage legislation is often unaccompanied by an increase in job opportunities. Accordingly, this increases the level of unemployment. For this reason, such laws may end up hurting the labor force instead of helping it. Graphical Illustration of the Labor Market Effects of a Minimum Wage Source: (Wilson, 2012). From the graph, the demand for labor equals the supply of labor when firms pay the market rate. At this point, the labor market is operating at equilibrium. However, when the government imposes a wage floor above the equilibrium level, the demand for labor drops. In contrast, the higher wages attract more workers, who were previously out of the workforce to enter the job market. In turn, this increases the supply of labor in the economy to point C. At this point, the supply of labor exceeds the demand for labor. Predominantly, this is because, at the minimum wage rate, the demand for labor is at point A (Wilson, 2012). Thus, the level of unemployment in the economy increases. From the graph, the degree of unemployment is denoted by the distance between C and A. In addition to unemployment, wage laws may result in reduced benefits and allowances for the workforce. Instead of raising prices to counter higher wage costs, the firm may opt to reduce its employees benefits. Thus, benefits such as gym memberships, reimbursed parking and paid vacations for workers may be scrapped off from the working agreement. By doing this, the company can recoup the money spent on paying employees the set minimum wage, at the expense of the workers welfare (Neumark, 2015). Another con associated with wage laws is that it reduces the desire of working people to advance their careers. Although a higher pay may enhance the employees morale, it may destroy their determination for self-betterment (Macdowell, 2013). As such, they may become too comfortable with their current salary, and disregard the need to pursue their career further. Subsequently, this impedes the prospects for low-income staff to advance their socioeconomic stance. To make matters worse, minimum wage legislations may raise the earnings of low-salary employees at the expense of the higher-salaried workers. Generally, firms suppress the salary increases of these workers to pay the additional minimum wages. Over time, this results in reduced morale among the higher paid employees who may opt to leave the firm or reduce their productivity. For this reason, it is important for the government to carefully determine the overall effects that the legislation will have on the labor force before implementing the law. Minimum Wages from the Consumers Perspective Just like firms and the labor force, Australian consumers are also affected by minimum wage policies in the country. From the customers point of view, a higher salary for low-wage workers means that they have more disposable income to purchases services and goods (Kearney Harris, 2014). Besides, with higher wages, more individuals can afford basic needs and fundamental essentials. Sequentially, this increases the utility derived from using the products and services (Shemkus, n.d.). An increase in utility enhances the level of consumer welfare in the economy. Notwithstanding the benefits, consumers may suffer tremendously due to increases in the minimum wage level in the country. In Australia, firms often transfer the increased production costs to the end user. Thus, they may raise the prices of their goods and services to counter the extra overheads. As a result, this may lead to an overall increase in the general price level in the economy. Inflation in the economy is never a good thing for the consumer. Normally, the consumer is forced to pay more for the same goods and services. Hence, the money earned as a result of higher minimum wages is used up in the purchase of products during inflation. In the long run, this would mean that the pay rise was not beneficial to the consumer. Thus, for the consumers, a minimum legislation is only beneficial to them for as long as they can afford to purchase more goods and services. The legislation must be able to increase their welfare without subsequent increases in the prices in the economy. Othe rwise, it would be disadvantageous. Minimum Wages from the Governments Perspective It is worth pointing out that the minimum wage directive has gained momentum among policymakers in Australia and the rest of the world as a means to alleviate the rising income and wage inequality. However, there is much debate as to whether the policy brings about more positive or adverse effects to the economy. According to the view of legislatures, a substantial rise in the countrys minimum wage brings about significant advantages to the overall economy. For this reason, they consistently set policies that raise the minimum pay rate in the country every year, with the view that it will bring about noteworthy economic effects. First, policymakers hold the belief that higher wages result in increased economic activity in the country. In their view, it stimulates the aggregate economy through enhanced productivity by firms and growing demand by consumers. Subsequently, an increase in the level of economic activity in the economy translates to an upsurge in the level of economic growth in the country. Besides, with higher salaries for workers, the government can collect more revenue through taxation. In turn, this significantly increases economic growth. Therefore, from this perspective, higher minimum pay rates are beneficial to the economy. Additionally, by increasing the minimum pay, the government can considerably reduce its expenditure on social programs. Today, the Australian government spends a lot of money to support low-income families in the country (Doyle, 2016). Therefore, by raising the minimum wage, the government reduces the number of households that are dependent on it. In the same way, a drop in the level of public expenditure on social support programs will slightly lower the taxation burden on the countrys taxpayers. Holding this mind, then one can argue that minimum wage policies are beneficial to both the government and the citizens, and should thus be executed. Predominantly, the governments perspective on the matter is inclined towards its benefits to the labor force, consumers, firms and the economy in general. Characteristically, its decision to implement the wage floor in the Australian economy is founded on the basis that it creates more benefits than harm to the economy. In fact, it firmly believes that the policy stimulates economic activity in the aggregate economy for the betterment of the welfare of firms, consumers, and the labor force. However, other stakeholders may dispute this thought. To some extent, the pros associated with the policy may exceed the cons. Still, one cannot dismiss the negative implications of this law. Therefore, the government must make careful considerations before implementing wage laws in Australia. Comparison of the US and Australias Manufacturing Industry Wages For a long time now, the Australian minimum wage rate has been higher than that of the United States. The manufacturing industry is a perfect industry for comparing minimum wages between the two countries. Currently, the wages US are estimated at $20.70, a rise from last years $20.67 per hour (Trading Economics, 2017). In contrast, Australias minimum wage for this industry is averaged at approximately $20.92 per hour. In the 1950-2017 period, the average minimum wage is $8.98 in the US and 9.40 in Australia (Trading Economics, 2017). Over this period, the highest wage was recorded in January this year at $20.70 while the lowest was recorded in 1950 at $1.27 per hour (Trading Economics). Notably, the minimum wages in the manufacturing industry in Australia is higher than that of the US. Source: (OECD, 2011) Policy Recommendations For the Australian economy to grow and thrive, the government must be vigilant in the formulation and enactment of wage policies. Critical to the economys performance is the modality in which the minimum pay rates are set and implemented in the country. Notably, one can attribute this to the fact that minimum wages can change the wage structure and its distribution within the economy (Herr, Kazandziska Mahnkopf-Praprotnik, 2009). Also, changes in wages can influence income distribution, employment, and the price level. Therefore, the Australian government may implement the following recommendations to harness the implications of wage legislations in the economy. First, the Australian government should set the minimum wage at a level which affects a significant number of employees in the economys labor market. By doing so, the policy will be able to raise the salaries of a significant number of people, thus creating substantial economic effects (Herr et al., 2009). Otherwise, when the regulation affects a small number of individuals, it will only have a symbolic meaning with no considerable effects to the general economy. Thus, it would be ineffective. Secondly, the government should ensure that the remunerations grow in line with the wage norm in the long run. That is to say, the growth in the workers salaries should be in line with the countrys target inflation rate and its trend productivity (Herr et al., 2009). If this condition is satisfied, the minimum wage level will help prevent the development of deflationary conditions in the economy. Specifically, if the income level in the economy rises faster than the standard wage, then the minimum salary should increase according to average earnings (Herr et al., 2009). This way, the government can prevent the wage structure from becoming wider. Commendably, the government should continue reviewing and adjusting the minimum wage rates frequently. Currently, this is done on an annual basis in the country. When changing this rate, it should ensure that wages increase relative to the average salary in the nation (Herr et al., 2009). Notably, this is crucial since this action goes a long way in preventing any increases in the wage gap (Herr et al., 2009). Therefore, for as long as the lowest wages are too low when compared to the economys average wages, the government should raise the minimum wages at a faster rate than the average salary. In the long run, this would enhance pay equality in the economy. Conclusion All in all, all things considered, the minimum wage policy has significant effects on the economy. In the same way, the legislation bears substantial implications on the firm, the labor force and consumers within Australia. In the opinion of firms, minimum wages implies greater costs for the enterprise. In turn, this may result in an increase in the prices of its products or firing of some workers. However, businesses may also benefit from the law, due to an increase in employee morale, low turnover, and job satisfaction. On the other hand, consumers may view the law as beneficial given that it increases their purchasing power. Regardless, it may result in price inflation which is disadvantageous to them. With respect to the labor force, the legislation is advantageous for the fact that it results in an increase in their disposable income and standards of living. Nonetheless, it may cause an increase in unemployment. Lastly, the government implements this policy with high regard with the view that it is beneficial to the other three stakeholders and the economy in general. References Australia Minimum Weekly Wage. TradingEconomics.com. Retrieved from https://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/minimum-wages Australian business gets a good deal from the minimum wage. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/australian-business-gets-a-good-deal-from-the-minimum-wage-27698 Brochu, P. Green, D. (2014). Minimum Wages: Effects on Employment and Labor Turnover. FreeThinkUniversity.com. Retrieved from https://freethinku.com/blog/minimum-wages-the-effects-on-employment-and-labor-force-turnover/ Doyle, A. (2016). Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage. The Balance. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/pros-and-cons-of-raising-the-minimum-wage-2062521 Employment and Business Effects of Minimum Wage Increases. (2015). National Employment Law Project. Retrieved from https://www.nelp.org/content/uploads/Minimum-Wage-Basics-Business-Effects.pdf Hurst, D. (2014). Fair Work Australia raises minimum wage by 50c per hour to $16.87. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/04/fair-work-australia-raises-minimum-wage-by-50c-per-hour-to-1687 Kearney, M. Harris, B. (2014). The Ripple Effect of a Minimum Wage Increase on American Workers. The Hamilton Project. Retrieved from https://www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/the_ripple_effect_of_the_minimum_wage_on_american_workers/ MacDowell, M. (2013). Pros and cons of raising the minimum wage. The Citizens Voice. Retrieved from https://citizensvoice.com/opinion/letters/pros-and-cons-of-raising-the-minimum-wage-1.1468009 Mejeur, D. (2014). Studies abound on the minimum wage, but the conclusions drawn vary greatly. National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved from https://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/maximum-divide-on-minimum-wage.aspx Minimum wage: How does Australia compare to other countries? ABC. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-31/minimum-wage-how-does-australia-compare/7461794 Minimum wage: Updated research roundup on the effects of increasing pay. Journalists Resources. Retrieved from https://journalistsresource.org/ Minimum Wages. Australian Government Fair Work Ombudsman. Retrieved from https://www.fairwork.gov.au/pay/minimum-wages Mondschein, J. (2015). Australia Increases Minimum Wage for 2015-2016. The Bloomberg BNA. Retrieved from https://www.bna.com/australia-increases-minimum-n17179929008/ Neumark, D. (2015). The Effects of Minimum Wages on Employment. Federal Reserve Bank of San Fransisco. Retrieved from https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2015/december/effects-of-minimum-wage-on-employment/. Pannett, R. (2015). Australia Weighs Whether Its Minimum Wage Is Too High. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/australia-debates-whether-its-minimum-wage-is-too-high-1422210360 Petroff, A. (2015). This country has the best minimum wage in the world. CNN. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2015/05/14/pf/minimum-wage-countries-australia/index.html Roberts, R. (2013). Australias minimum wage. CafeHayek.com. Retrieved from https://cafehayek.com/2013/03/australias-minimum-wage.html Shemkus, S. Increasing the Minimum Wage: Pros Cons. Salary.com. Retrieved from https://www.salary.com/increasing%2Dthe%2Dminimum%2Dwage%2Dpros%2Dcons/ Smith, Y. (2014). Minimum Wages: The Effects on Employment and Labour-Force Turnover. Naked Capitalism. Retrieved from https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2014/01/minimum-wages-effects-employment-labour-force-turnover.html Stone, C. (2014). Raising the Minimum Wage Brings Many Benefits. US News. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/opinion/economic-intelligence/2014/02/21/raising-the-minimum-wage-has-many-benefits The Effect of Minimum Wages on the Labor Force Participation Rates of Teenagers. (2015). Employment Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://www.epionline.org/studies/r32/ The Effects of a Minimum-Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income. (2014). Congressional Budget Office. Retrieved from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/44995. United States Average Hourly Wages in Manufacturing. Trading Economics. Retrieved from https://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/wages-in-manufacturing Williams, S. (2015). 3 Pros and Cons of Raising the Federal Minimum Wage: Where Do You Stand? The Motley. Retrieved from https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/03/01/3-pros-and-cons-of-raising-the-federal-minimum-wag.aspx Wilson, M. (2012). The Negative Effects of Minimum Wage Laws. Downsizing the Federal Government. Retrieved from https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/labor/negative-effects-minimum-wage-laws.

World War I Powers Essay Example For Students

World War I Powers Essay World War I PowersDuring World War I many different types of weapons were utilized by both the Allied and Central powers.Some were variations on older models of weaponry, and others were totally new inventions created to aid in the wartime effort.Most of the new weapons were used as killing machines in trench warfare, which was practiced during World War I, while others were employed as tools of espionage, scouting land areas, or air and sea warfare.Communication also played a major role in World War I, especially the newly invented short wave radio.My report will discuss several of these new types of weaponry and communication; their uses in the war and their technical make-up. We will write a custom essay on World War I Powers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ground warfareTrenchesTrenches were long tunnel-like structures dug on the fronts during a stalemate in the war.They protected the troops inside from deadly artillery and especially machine gun fire.There were usually four sets of trenches dug on each side.An area of no-mans land separated the two sides.Crossing the no-mans land meant the risk of instant death by machine gun fire.An attack was usually staged in waves.Line after line of troops attempted to overrun the opposing trenches, only to gain a couple of miles. The firing trench was first, backed by cover trenches, which were a back-up line of defense in case the firing trenches were overrun.Following the cover trench were the support trench and the reserve trench.Off-duty troops lived in man made dugouts in the support trench.Rations, communications, extra troops, and other utilities were stored in the reserve trench.Some trenches also had a fifth trench dug out especially for the communications systems. TanksModern tanks are heavily armored track-laying military vehicles which have road speeds up to 60 mph.They weigh in between 14 and 50 metric tons and carry various types of mounted machine guns.Tanks are designed to penetrate or flank enemy lines and strike deep into the rear, capturing or eliminating vital fortifications.Although not as fast as modern tanks, and not as heavily armed, World War I saw the first mass use of tanks in open warfare. The idea of the tank was first designed by Leonardo daVinci in 1482.The French attempted to create the armored vehicles of which daVinci spoke, but it was the British who developed the first track-laying armored vehicles during World War I.On September 16, 1916, forty nine tanks were used at the battle of Somme near Courcelette, France, with negative results.A year later, in November 1917, 400 tanks penetrated the Hindenberg line near Cambrai on the Eastern Front.This attack captured 8000 enemy soldiers and 100 enemy guns.Through this battle, the role of the tank was established in modern warfare. Chemical warfareThis particularly horrific method of warfare is based on releasing toxins or incapacitating chemicals into enemy lines in order to cause mass death or at least incapacitate the enemy. During World War I there were several different types of gases used to break the deadlock of trench warfare.Tear gas, a gas causing excessive tearing when it comes into contact with the victims eyes.Chlorine gas and phosgene were two of the more common lung irritants used by the armies.Also widely used was mustard gas, which caused whoever it came into contact with to break out in severe burns.Mustard gas was often used in conjunction with the flame-thrower. By the end of World War I, most European powers had integrated gas warfare capabilities into their armies at some levels.Between the two great wars Germany developed various different nerve gases such as sarin, a paralysis inducing gas.Most western countries have taken steps to destroy their arsenals of chemical weapons. .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c , .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c .postImageUrl , .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c , .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c:hover , .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c:visited , .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c:active { border:0!important; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c:active , .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6887367d416225cbec98e0cbf3aa680c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racism and evolutionary theory EssayFlame-throwerThis was a military weapon used to project flames toward the enemy.A flame-thrower consists of a fuel container filled with oil, a cylinder containing a gas propellant under a high pressure, a discharge tube with an adjustable nozzle and an ignition device.During World War I, two styles of flame-throwers were used: A heavy one mounted on a tank and a light, portable, hand carried one.The flame-thrower had great psychological impact during the war because it succeeded in inflicting fear into the enemy.However, as a weapon it was limited by its short range and unpredictable aim.The flame-throwers used in World War I consumed g reat amounts of fuel.Modern flame-throwers are carried in a pouch on the persons back and can accurately project a 60 foot flame for about nine seconds. Machine GunThe machine gun is a type of gun in which the operations of loading, extraction, and firing are performed automatically.This enables the machine gun to maintain a constant fire.Before Worl..d War I practically all machine guns used the same caliber ammunition as infantry rifles.During the war, they became divided into different types, each designed for its specific use.The lighter weight designed guns were suited to firing short, compact bursts of bullets.The heavier models were developed to be situated in one place and give off a constant barrage of fire.These came into use due to the trench warfare that took place during World War I.Machine guns were also developed for mounting in tanks and in airplanes.Later in the war special mounts were invented to allow the machine guns to be used in antiaircraft effort. Air warfareAirplanesAs the threat of Germany using zeppelins for military purposes during the war grew, many leading nations began to look critically at the potentiality of military aviation.When conflict began in 1914, both the Allies and the Germans each had about 200 aircraft on the Western Front.These were primarily used for reconnaissance or scouting out land areas, and were extremely vulnerable to antiaircraft fire due to their slow speeds.Then, in 1915, Dutch designer Anthony Fokker developed an interpreter gear which allowed a machine gun mounted on a plane to fire through the propellers without damaging the blades.This modification led to the development of speedier planes and thus the age of fighter aircraft was born. Early in the war, bombs were dropped over the side of the plane by hand.Later, however, heavier aircraft and standardized bomb fittings enabled the bombs to be dropped with greater accuracy on military and civilian targets.By the end of World War I, over 250 metric tons of bombs had been released in raids over England, causing 9000 civilian casualties.Even though this number is nowhere near the estimates from World War II, the droppings were psychologically and strategically important.It proved that aircraft were not only capable of providing protection to the troops on the ground at the front lines, but also could be used to deploy offensive maneuvers.The use of airplanes in World War I peaked in 1918 in the battles of Chteau-Thierry and Saint Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne in France ZeppelinsThe first zeppelin airship was designed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in 1900.It consisted of a row of 17 gas cells individually covered in cloth.The body was confined in a cylindrical framework co vered with smooth surfaced cotton cloth.It was about 420 feet in length and approximately 38 feet in diameter.The ship was steered by forward and aft rudders and was powered by two 15 hp Daimler internal combustion engines, each rotating two propellers.Passengers and crew, as well as the engines were carried in two aluminum gondolas pendant from the forward part of the ship. At the beginning of World War I, ten zeppelins were used actively in the German army, and many more were constructed over the next four years.By 1918, Germany had over 65 zeppelins in its airforce.The main use of the airships was deploying bombs and scouting enemy territory.Most were painted black so they became difficult to see during the night.However, soon after the war, most high ranking officials realized that the huge zeppelins and other massive airships were too vulnerable to airplane attack, causing a major decrease in the amount of airships in the armies. .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 , .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 .postImageUrl , .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 , .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44:hover , .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44:visited , .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44:active { border:0!important; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44:active , .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44 .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8b9ac4048c2a9b145bd59d2dc3e01b44:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer Systems Analyst EssaySea warfareU-boatIn 1906, the Germans built upon the basic blueprint of the submarine, designed by famous American inventor, Robert Fulton.The first changes they made were adding a diesel powered engine and a periscope.Later, after the development of self propelled torpedoes, the Germans redesigned the structure slightly to accommodate for the new torpedoes.Thus, the U-boat was born. The German used the U-boats to sink merchant vessels coming into Britain.They hoped to cut off Britains supplies and deplete their navy.Through this process, the U-boats sunk Allied ships as well as the luxury liner-Lusitania.Because several American passengers were killed in this action, the United States was pushed to the brink of war, finally being drawn into the battle by the discovery of the Zimmerman telegram.The Germans continued to attack Allied ships, and therefore proved the U-boat to be a very deadly weapon for its time.Its success led to the development of depth charges, used in World War II. CommunicationShort Wave RadioDuring World War I, communication was mostly done by telegraph, or by the use of the newly invented short wave radio.The short wave radio uses high frequency broadcasts, from 3 to 30 MHz, to transmit radio waves over long distances.The short wave radio played an important part in communication between headquarters and the fronts, as well as Front to front and trench to trench.

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love Essays love Essay love Essay Biology 5Laboratory ExercisesandExam ReviewsLab 1Scientific Method and Laboratory ProtocolLab Manual Exercise 1Page 1Please read pages 1-14 and Appendix A, and study the attached handout before attending lab.Please complete the following Activities:Activity 1Pp. 2-4Activity 2Pp. 5-6Activity 3Pp. 7-8Review Questionsp. 13-14, Nos. 1-10Be sure to clean any equipment as well as your work area. Return all materials to their proper place. The Metric SystemLength Meter (m) is the standard metric unit Approximately 39 inches (little over a yard)Mass (weight) Gram (g) is the standard metric unit Approximately 1/28 ounceVolume Liter (l) is the standard metric unit Slightly larger than a quartPrefixes applied to standard units commonly used in biology:Kilo (k) 1000 or 103Centi (c) 1/100 or 0.01 or 10-2Milli (m) 1/1000 or 0.001 or 10-3 Micro (u) 1/1,000,000 or 0.000001 or 10-6Nano (n) 1/1,000,000,000 or 0.000000001 or 10-9 Lab 2The MicroscopeLab Manual Exercise 2Page 15Please read pages 16-24 before attending lab.Please complete the following procedures/exercises:Activity 1Pp. 17-19Activity 2P. 19Clean only when necessary. A piece of dry lens paper works fine.Activity 3Pp. 19-21Activity 4P. 21Activity 5Pp. 21-22Activity 6P. 22 (For Part 2, view the oval-shaped specimen on the slide (not the square-shaped specimen).Activity 7Pp. 23-24Review QuestionsP. 25, Nos. 1-7As always, be sure to clean and dry any equipment as well as your work area. Return all materials to their proper place.Lab 3Cell BiologyLab Manual Exercise 3 Page 27Please read pages 28-32 before attending labPlease complete the following procedures/exercises:Examine model of typical animal cell on display.Using illustration on page 28 as

The Economy of Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Economy of Today - Essay Example If the GDP is freed from the chances being affected by inflation, then constant prices need to be maintained. This also helps us to compare the status between two time periods. The resultant GDP reached is called real GDP (nominal GDP adjusted for price changes). GDP can be measured in three ways: by calculating the gross final goods and services produced within the nation at a given period of time; from the income side, by calculating the income generated at every stage and by summing up the value added at each stage of production. Its identity may be written as: The employment rate is the ratio of employed people to the total population. It is actually the percentage of potential employees actually employed. When a nation has a higher employment rate it is likely that it will have a higher standard of living. It is the capacity of a country to engage its people in work and thus generate income for itself. Unemployment is one of the major concerns of the governments of different nations. Another parameter which duly affects the economy and mainly the GDP is inflation rate which may be defined as the rate of growth of price index. This is equivalent to the rate of fall in purchasing power of money. If P1 is the price level in year 1 and P2 is the price level is year 2 (P2>P1), then the rate of increase in price level (inflation rate) from year 1 to year 2 is calculated by the following formulae: Interest rate in an economy essentially denotes the lending rate of banks. It is the opportunity cost of investing in a certain venture. The gain sacrificed by not investing the same amount in another alternative venture or scheme is the opportunity cost. When an individual X (say) lends money to another individual (Y), he is likely to charge an annual interest which is either equal or more than the return gained by investing the amount in some other venture, possibly the bank. If he charges less then he would be a loser. The households supply the factors

Case study review Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study review - Coursework Example However, one weakness reflected is that of high operating expenses. This is because the revenue is in â€Å"billions† whereby the net profit is only amounting to a few â€Å"millions†, thereby reflecting high expenses. High expenses could lead to operational inefficiency as well as higher prices for customers; therefore, they need to be controlled. On the other hand, the company has the opportunity to grow as it is currently only medium sized. By employing more people and increasing operations it can take advantage of economies of scale and lower prices for customers. Finally, it is likely that the company is facing the threat of high expenses owing to factors beyond its control such as rising labor costs and interest rates. 2. Fitness First Group Ltd Fitness Ltd’s strength lies in its geographic diversification as it is â€Å"international† in nature and has operations in 15 countries. Therefore, it can take advantage of lower costs in other countries as well as reduce legal and regulatory risks by operating in different countries. However, it may potentially possess weakness in the form of mismanagement of multi-cultural international markets. Furthermore, since the company is large in size and scale, HR conflicts and conflict between the strategies for home country versus host country is likely to be inherent. The company faces the opportunity of further expanding its geographic base and expanding into other countries, such as emerging BRIC economies, to take advantage of the rising health issues and increased demand for fitness by consumers in these countries. Furthermore, it can â€Å"go public† rather than remaining a private limited company as doing so will give it access to greater amount of finances and capital to run the business. This is particularly relevant because the company has international operations which may require share capital to sustain them. Finally, the company faces the threat of intense competition owing to its international operations. It is worth noting that the company may have to compete with already established players in countries other than its home country which would entail a potential risk of failing in those countries altogether. Furthermore, customers’ preferences, habits and lifestyle may be different in these countries and this is particularly relevant since the company is offering lifestyle-based service- fitness. 3. Oxford BioMedica plc The company’s strength lies in its association with an already established brand- â€Å"Oxford University† which shall give it enhanced reputation compared to its competitors. However, its weakness is that the company may require greater funds for further research and development as scientific research is typically cost. An amount of ?130mn may, therefore, be insufficient for this purpose. As far as opportunity is concerned, the company may have access to greater funding owing to funds provided by health and scientific organizations that generally have huge budgets for research and development. This funding can be used to develop innovative medicines as is the core mission of the company. However, the threats are also likely to be high owing to the controversy surrounding â€Å"gene-based† medicines. This means that lack of political will and regulatory compliance may delay patent protection which could ultimately put the large

(Business Ethics) An Ethical Analysis of the Use of Performance Assignment

(Business Ethics) An Ethical Analysis of the Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sport - Assignment Example Other than this, the use of performance enhancement drugs also increased in sports mainly to reduce psychological dependency, stress and lack of confidence. As a result, the use of pharmacological drugs, hormones, anabolic steroids came into existence. Due to the presence of varied types of steroid and anabolic steroids, the performance and strength of the professional players increased but it hindered the qualities of fair play. Moreover, introduction of such type of performance enhancing drugs also reduced the features and natural qualities of athletes. Therefore due to the causes the ethical framework of sports changed from impartiality and objectivity to partiality and biasness. This paper mainly tries to highlight the issue, that whether the use of performance enhancing drugs in sports is ethical or not. In order to specify this concept, varied types of ethical theories are used like utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, theory of justice, rights, the challenge of normative ethical relativism. Dissatisfaction with performance and progress- in this age, the rate of use of anabolic drugs and steroids has increased in order to reduce the rate of dissatisfaction over his or her performance and progress. By doing so, the level of performance of the athletes increases resulting in amplification of their activities or actions. Due to which, the popularity and equity of the athlete as well as the nation also enhances to a significant extent as compared to many other nations. Psychological dependency: numerous athletes intake varied types of anabolic drugs or steroids due to psychological dependency. As a result, the inner strength and morale of the athletes reduces that declines the level of performance to a considerable extent. Wanting to attain a renowned position: in order to attain a renowned position just like numerous other experienced athletes, maximum extent of the new comers takes help of anabolic drugs or steroids in very low age

The History Of Baking English Language Essay

The History Of Baking English Language Essay Baking has been around since ancient times. Of course, over the years with new inventions and recipes, baking has under-gone major transformations from baking over brick stones to baking in gas or electric ovens. The first form of baking was thought to have been as early as 2500 B.C. or even earlier. Baking is just one of the many ways of cooking. Baking, as we know it, is defined as cooking by dry heat in an oven or on heated metal or stones (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/baking). Dry heat is usually obtained through an oven. Just as important as it is to find out if baking soda can be substituted, it is important to understand the mixtures of baking soda and baking powder. Lets look at baking soda, first. Baking soda, in its original state, can be found in mineral deposits all over the world. Baking soda has been used in America since colonial times, but it wasnt produced in America until 1839. Some common recipes that call for baking soda are different cookie types, breads, pancakes, and many other recipes. Baking soda has several scientific names. The most common name would be sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Sodium bicarbonate has several atoms. It contains one sodium atom, one hydrogen atom, one carbon atom, and three oxygen atoms. Baking soda is a very important part of a recipe. Often times it is referred to as the leavening agent. A leavening agent is a substance that causes substances to rise by releasing gases that produce the finished project with a porous structure. In other words it would be a fa st-acting yeast. As baking soda is added to the batter (to whatever yummy treat you are making), it releases a gas that allows the batter to immediately start to rise. Baking soda begins to work by letting its gas out as soon as it hits a liquid which could be a batter or some dough. Most recipes that call for baking soda usually have other acidic ingredients in them that enable the baking soda to work and taste properly. Baking soda helps with the alkaline taste in your food. It keeps it from having a soapy taste. Now that we know a bit about baking soda, we can now look into its familiar relative baking powder. Baking powder is just as useful as baking soda, but it has a few different powers. Baking powder was first discovered and manufactured in 1843 by a man named Alfred Bird. Along with baking soda, baking powder is found in similar recipes and also in my favorite scones. Baking powder is composed of several ingredients including cornstarch, cream of tartar, and even baking soda. Like baking soda, baking powder is also a leavening agent. Baking powder is different than baking soda in that it is double-acting. Double-acting simply means it rises or acts as a leavening agent at two different times. The first time it starts to work, like the baking soda, is right when it is added to the batter. The second time would be when it is baking. As it is baking, it continues to let out its gases due to the ovens heat. Since it is, in a way, rising twice, it gives your final outcome a fluffier and lighter texture. Baking powder is usually added to recipes that dont have acids as it already contains acids due to the baking soda and cream of tartar. Now that we have learned a little bit about baking soda and baking powder, it will be easier to understand their relationship and how baking soda might or might not be able to be substituted. Since we know that baking soda is usually used where there are acidic substances in the batter, and baking powder is used where there arent any acidic substances, we know that in being able to substitute baking soda we would have to add an acid. In adding an acid, we are, in a way, giving the soda more power, where it can cause the finished baked treat to become lighter and fluffier. This acidic lack is solved by an acid called potassium hydrogen tartrate which is more commonly known as cream of tartar. Cream of tartar was the original leavening agent used by bakers before we had baking powder and baking soda. Remembering that baking powder is double-acting, we now need to see what makes it rise at the two separate times. As I mentioned earlier, the first release of gas (or rise) would be due to the baking soda, but what would cause the second release? That would be where the cream of tartar comes into play. The cream of tartar reacts when it is released into heat, so when your batter or dough goes into the oven and receives the oven heat, the second release of gas begins. Baking soda reacts when it enters a liquid and cream of tartar reacts when it enters heat. So now that we know what causes baking powder to be double acting, it would make sense to add that one special ingredient that makes it double-acting to the baking soda. This special ingredient would be the heat reactant cream of tartar. By adding the cream of tartar to the baking soda, it gives it the added acid to rise in heat when placed in the oven. If you were to try to use only baking soda without any extra ingredient in place of baking powder, you would find that it would leave a bitter taste. When you need to substitute baking soda and cream of tartar for baking powder, it is important not to have too much baking soda with your cream of tartar or vice versa. In closing, we find that baking soda alone cannot be substituted for baking powder, but with a simple ingredient known as cream of tartar, you can have some baking powder. So next time youre baking and you find yourself with missing ingredients or without baking powder, dont break a sweat!! Remember, not only can you substitute applesauce for oil, honey for sugar, but now you know that you can substitute baking soda with a little bit of cream of tartar for the missing baking powder. So finish up with your baking and enjoy your yummy and delicious snack!!

A Philosophic Challenge Essay -- Theory of Evolution, Darwin, DNA

Did you know the odds of proteins necessary to create a strand of DNA lining up in order naturally are only once in 4x10022 years? (Werner 104). That’s highly improbable! Darwin didn’t anticipate that future discoveries would disprove the fundamental tenants of his theory of evolution. Modern science is repeatedly uncovering evidence that Darwinian evolution cannot be the explanation for life on earth because it relies on an implausible claim of spontaneous generation, leaves gaps in the fossil record, and is contradicted by emerging scientific discoveries. Spontaneous generation refers to the theory that the first life form evolved rapidly out of nothing, and all organisms evolved gradually from the original life form. Mounting evidence makes the argument for spontaneous generation untenable. No biological phyla (a level of organism classification) have yet been discovered to support Darwin’s theory. Even more condemning is that Darwin understood taxonomy (the classification of living organisms), but he refused to acknowledge or account for the gaps in his theory (Wilker 24). For example, spontaneous generation, a necessary assumption in Darwin’s theory, cannot explain how proteins are formed. Evolutionists suggest that either proteins or DNA were involved in the first living organism. However, proteins cannot be formed naturally, yet are required for DNA (Werner 105). This raises the â€Å"chicken and egg question,† which came first? Evolutionists cannot explain this, providing no justification for how proteins an d DNA could have been involved in spontaneous generation. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, would have had to form naturally to allow for the possibility of spontaneous generation. Yet, an experiment conducte... ...naturalists for using the existence of vestigial organs as an argument for evolution, stating â€Å"vestigial organs provide no evidence for evolutionary theory.† (qtd. in Wells, â€Å"Why Darwinism†) More and more scientific evidence is overturning the biologically based arguments used to support Darwin’s theory. Darwin’s theory falls short of fulfilling explanations for the beginning of life. Darwin’s suggestion that life is spontaneously generated is a leap of faith not supported by science. The fossil record is full of gaps that Darwin’s theory cannot explain, and new discoveries in biology undermine the basis the of evolutionary theory. While Darwin’s theory may have initially seemed plausible when it was first published, modern science has provided evidence that the foundations and hypotheses on which Darwin’s theory of evolution are based cannot possibly be true.

Police Personality Revision Essay

A good police work lies on the concept of their personalities taking into consideration their traits hand in hand with their socializations and experiences. These decisive factors basically comprise what ideal personality of a police is necessary in order to completely exemplify their tasks. Perhaps, it is imperative to give emphasis on the notions of police character to give a strong hold on this subject matter. At any rate, there were instances that conflict arises as police render their services. â€Å"Part of this reflected broader social conflict over the just and equal distribution of opportunities and legal protections to all people; other sources of conflict included disparities between the symbolic role of the police, everyday social expectations about police services and behavior† (Vila & Morris, 1999). There is indeed a unique trait that flows in the blood of every police such as dedication, bravery, and conviction. The uniqueness of police’s trait can never be gamble away. Police’s compassion to the welfare of their people is on top priority. They are willing to surrender even their own lives in order to defend the people. It is tough but they chose to risk everything for the sake of their profession. Thus, this is the one that fulfills their personality; to serve the people at all costs. On the other note, socializations and experiences are important tools to be able to epitomize their character properly. Apparently, the police needs to know how to communicate with the people as well as to know how to address their demands in order to properly portray their roles. Socialization and experience are indispensable contrivance that makes the attitude of a police. They will be able to serve pertinently due to the fact that they have enough experiences. â€Å"What is important about socialization, then, is that people learn to behave according to the expectations of their culture and transmit that way of life from one generation to the next† (Kenney & McNamara, 1999). Weighing these two elements that encompass the personality of a police, it is on a certain note that their unique traits make them more trustworthy on their chosen field. It is in these traits also that they detached their profession far beyond all other field. â€Å"The profession is a moral unit positing certain values and ideals which guide its members in their dealings with laymen. This guide may be a set of unwritten norms transmitted through the professional educational system or it may be codified into written canons of professional ethics† (Glenn et al., 2003).   Certainly, as they socialized and experienced a lot of circumstances, it all boils down on having a good persona – unique trait – which make them build rapport with a lot of people in town and which also gives them the pride for the people to respect them and their line of work. Reference:    Glenn, Panitch, Barnes Proby, Williams, Christian, Lewis, Gerwehr & Brannan (2003). Training the 21st Century Police Officer: Redefining Police Professionalism for the Los Angeles Police Department. Rand    Kenney, dennis Hay & McNamara, Robert P. (1999). Police and Policing: Contemporary Issues. Praeger Vila, Bryan & Morris, Cynthia (1999). The Role of Police in American History. Greenwood Press

Milton Paradise Lost Commentary

The Renaissance era represents a complete break with the Middle Ages on a political, philosophical, scientifical and theological scale. Indeed, the discovery of new territories and the expeditions of explorers such as Francis Drake, the resurgence of classic writtings, the new scientific outbreaks of Copernicus, Newton and Galilei as well as the Protestant reformation led by Luther and his 95 Theses, triggered a will for knowledge and a quest for truth, thus putting an end to the intellectual hegemony of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe. Intellectuals of this era began to think on mankind, looking for answers outside of the Religious constraints. Written during this context of political and religious upheaval, Paradise Lost, an epic poem published in 1667 in ten books, reflects in a way the great changes of the Renaissance. This poem, written by John Milton (December 1608 – November 1674), an English poet, polemicist and civil servant, tell the Christian story of the creation of the Earth, the fall of Satan and the Fall of Man. As a puritan, Milton, who had already attacked the Church for its corruption in Lycidas (1637), give this classical Christian tale puritan traits (such as the protrayal of Eve as a dedicated worker). The passage under study is taken from Book 9 of Paradise lost. In this book, the narrator focuses on the disobedience of Adam and Eve. Satan returns to the Garden of Eden eight days after his banishment by Gabriel to avenge himself. Adam and Eve , preparing for their labors, decide to work separatly , even if Adam is anxious that eve would be an easy prey to Satan’s temptation . In this passage we can see the approach of the Satan , (the snake) and the begining of his temptation that will lead Eve to eat the prohibited fruit. We can clearly see that Milton here uses a mix of Classical and Judeo-christian mythology to tell this tale. We can thus wonder In which way he uses these influences, and why he uses them ? In a first part we will see that the Serpent is a symbol of temptation, and in a second part we wll analyse Milton’s uses of Classical mythology. First, Milton depicts the snake which Satan is possessing, as an incredibly beautiful animal. The main strategy of Satan to try to corrupt the naive mind of Eve is to appear as a magnificent snake. According to the narrator, his physical appearance is so pleasing that never a snake will be as beautiful (on verse 504 â€Å"pleasing was his shape, and lovely, never since a serpent lovelier†). To describe the snake, the narrator use the lexical field of precious material: â€Å"carbuncle his eyes† on verse 500, â€Å"neck of verdent gold† on verse 501. Here Satan seems to have chosen a snake whose appearance can attract Eve only because his similitude with precious material. In a kind of materialist temptation, he tries to appeal to Eve inner sin of cupidity to seduce her. But there is something paradoxical in the way the snake is depicted as a beautiful creature. Indeed, the snake is often assimilated with death, the venom of some species of snakes such as the cobra can kill a man in less than one hour. It also an animal that generate instinctive fear in most human (and occurence of Ophidiophobia can be found everywhere). Here death and beauty become assimilated in one animal. It can thus be perceived as personification of the treachery of satan: behind the beaty of his rethoric, of his discourse hides a terrible fates, the banishment of Man from Heaven. This can also underline the interest of humans for macabre, dark topics. We can see since the dawn of age exemples of this morbid attraction of the Human race: public executions had always (and still do) gathered a lot of people around the death of a single man as well as we can see every day the impact (and also its capacity of generating profits) of a news involving the mysterious death of a movie star, of the murder of a whole family by its patriarch. As we know, Satan has chosen this animal, maybe he relies on this fascination to attract eve attention. We can also notice that the serpent can be interpreted as a phallic symbol. On verse 498 to 502 the snake is described as a â€Å"circular base that towered folds above folds a surprising maze [†¦ ] with burnished neck [†¦ ] erect amidst his circling spires†. Thus the snake appears as a symbol of virility, a phallic form erecting from the ground and can be understood as another strategy of Satan to cajole Eve into trusting him. On the other hand this links made by Milton between sensuality and religion can be seen as a hint of the influence of the metaphysical poetry on his writting: this link beeing one of the interest of the metaphysical poets who were contemporary with Milton. Then the snake can be analysed as a symbol of corruption and of perfidy. Satan uses a disguise, a snake to talk to eve. He uses his beauty, his eloquence to seduce her. His wave movements, looking like a dance, and his attitude (â€Å"Fawning, and licking the ground whereon she strod† on verse 526) can be interpreted as a nuptial parade with the snake laying on the primal instinct (which are restricted by religion) of Man to attract Eve in his trap. It is also interesting to note that the occurence of the word Satan is, as Satan himself, disguised in this passage. Here Satan is refered to as â€Å"the snake† or â€Å"the enemy of mankind† on verse 494. The word Satan can only be seen if the reader looks closely at the poem: an acrostic is hidden from verse 510 to 515. This clever technic reflects the vicious strategy of the Devil in the passage. Satan’s main strategy to talk Eve into beliving that she has the right to eat the apple is flattery. The Devil choose to tempt Eve because he was afraid of Adam’s intelligence which could have be an obstacle to his scheme. Thus he constantly celebrate eve beauty and superiority of others God’s creature to put her in a position where she can feel free to act as she wants. From verse 532 to the end of the passage the snake states that eve is â€Å"sole wonder†, that she is a â€Å"universally admired† â€Å"celestial beauty† that should be â€Å" a goddes among gods, adored and served by angels numberless†. The snake thus seems to contradict Gods Hierarchy of creation, The Great Chain of Being. According to him, Eve is higher than all the other creations of god, and should be sitting just next to god, just as the Holy Spirit and Jesus. In this passage the snake is the voices that question god authority and urges Eve to more freedom which appears, in the eyes of God as an Heresy. Hence a parallel can be drawn betwen the questioning of God’s Hierarchy by the snakes and the questioning of God’s Hierarchy by the new theories about cosmos expressed by scientists such as Copernic who were at the time seen as Heretics, devilish prophets and treated as such. Now that we have seen in which way the snakes represents a symbol of temptation embodying as well as the Biblical symbol of sin, the Renaissance questioning of God’s Hierarchy, we are going to see and analyse Milton’s use of Classic Mythology in this passage. First Milton’s use of Classic reference in his text can be interpreted as a perversions of those myths. In this passage he uses three myth to illustrate the action. He first refers to the tale of Hermione and Cadmus taken from Metamorphoses written by Ovid in AD 8. According to this classic of Latin literature they were both transformed into snakes in an act of vengence from the Gods. Then he refers to transformation of â€Å"Amonian Jove† and â€Å"Capitoline† into snakes to seduce and â€Å"mate† with Olympias and the mother of Scipio to give birth of two of the most famous and glorious war chief of both hellenistic and Roman era: Alexander the Great and Scipio Africanus. We can notice that Milton cleverly used myth in which the snakes as a role close to the one it has in the Bible. Concerning Ovid, the snakes is an object of temptation for which Hermione yields and is thus punished by being transformed in a snake. Concerning the myth of the birth of Alexender and Scipio, the snakes, just as in the Bible, is in fact a deity in disguise, seducing a woman. But if we look closely, these myth appeared to be perverted. In the classical myth, the deity or characters who are transformed into a snake are great and nobles characters: Cadmus is the founder of Thebes, and Amonian Jove and Capitoline are Jupiter. In paradise lost, the snake is Satan, the personification of rebellion against God’s will and of all the Human Sins. In this antithetic linking of diverse mythology, Milton wants to contrast Satan perfidy with classical characters nobility while underlining common themes. He thus appeals to a particular knowledge of his readers. On the other hand , the author’s use of classical mythology in this text can be seen as another influence of the metaphysical poetry on the Milton. Mixing diverse sources of knowledge to build his imagery is a technic used by metaphysiacal poets such as John Donne. But when others metaphysical poets mixed scientific, geographical, astronomical discoveries with theology and philospy, Milton just mixed Judeo-christian religious myths with classical myths. Even if this influence is small, it is sufficient to guess that Milton, contemporaneous with Donne, Herbert, Henry or Crashaw, has drawn some inspiration from the work of these poets. Moreover, Milton use of Classical mythology is representative of the Renaissance. Indeed, it clearly illustrates the resurgence of classical works during this era. Every arts had been affected by this tendency, in paintings, the classical style was a new fashion, the subjects taken from greek mythology began to be more and more numerous, Michaelangelo being a good exemple in both the sculpture and painting field. This resurgence has also an impact on architecture (with the building of houses, mansions, official buildign following the principle of the straight line) , on philosophy ( the â€Å"raison† and the re-reading of the platonician and socratic philosophy) as well as on literature. Thus Milton appears as an exemple of this new interest ofr the classical literrature, and htis work, Paradise lost, embodies this feature of the Renaissance. Finally, as we have seen, Milton uses his main influence, the Bible, to depicts the snake as a symbol of temptation and perfidy and uses his other influence, the classical mythology, in a perversion of the myths to develop his imagery. Furthermore, analysing this text, we can see that Milton was also influenced by the Metaphysical Poets in his uses of mixed sources as well as the use of the theme of the link between sensuality and religion. This book, which is now one of the most famous piece of english poetry, had a great influence on following artists such as Blake who considered Milton as the major English Poet and Edmond Burke and the Romantic theory, asserting â€Å"No person seems better to have understood the secret of heightening, or of setting terrible things, if I may use the expression, in their strongest light, by the force of a judicious obscurity than Milton. † , valuating his exploration of blank verse. Milton also had a great impact on the English language by creating neologism that are still used today such as pand?monium, enslaved, satanic and self-esteem.

Affermative Action essays

Affermative Action essays Affirmative Action? A major controversy encompassing the country is the issue of affirmative action. Many believe that the abolition, or at least restructure, of affirmative action in the United States will benefit the nation for many logical reasons. Originally, affirmative action began as an attempt to eliminate discrimination and provide a source of opportunity; affirmative action did not begin as an attempt to support just minorities and women. In addition, affirmative action naturally creates resentment when the less qualified are preferred instead of the people actually deserve the admission or job. Another reason that has existed since the abolition of slavery is the myth that women and 'minorities? cannot compete against white males without receiving special preference or treatment. Money used for the support and continuance of affirmative action cost in excess of 125 million dollars annually. Important programs in the country may benefit from the money received by affirmativ e action bureaucrats. Most importantly, the fundamentals of democracy rest on the equality of all people, whereas affirmative action is actually trying to give minorities and women higher status of importance than Caucasians. If the policies of affirmative action end, then the nation can return to its original equal opportunity policies. The original founders of the Civil Rights Act intended for all people, including majorities and minorities, to receive equal opportunities for education and job positions. Presently, in today's economic system, companies and businesses offering job positions have to meet quotas and statistics proving that they are not discriminating against one race or gender for another. For example, a software company is hiring a new graphics designer to assist in drawing and the creation of graphics. This type of job requires experience and expertise to succeed. There are three applicants for the job offering. One applicant is a white ma...

The Limits of Cultural Globalization in the World Essay

The Limits of Cultural Globalization in the World - Essay Example In recent times, the desire for companies to attain globalization has been on the rise. Going international makes many companies discover new markets. In the technology industry, this trend has been extensively used as there are remarkably few companies within this industry who do not have an international market share (Wolf, 2004). The demand for technological advancement can be identified as the global feature driving these companies towards globalization. For a long time, the establishment of global business has been a subject of discussion. Many companies were opposed to the idea but have slowly started integrating globalization. Though quantifiable results of globalization have not been seen, the idea remains an attractive one for most corporations in the 21st century. The companies aim at achieving global recognition while creating a wider market for their products. Blackberry is an American phone manufacturing company whose products are available globally. The Blackberry brand was invented in 1999 the Research In Motion Company. Through this brand, the company has been able to reach out to millions of clients around the world. ... ntinent through the marketing done by these continental offices (Danielle, 2010) Theoretical framework Globalization has been seen, in recent years, as a way through which companies become international. The aim of globalization, among many companies, can be identified as gaining recognition as well as a market space in the international community. Before pursuing the globalization venture companies try to analyze the numerous activities that might be involved. This normally included reviewing how other global companies within the same industry are undertaking the same strategy. A comparison of the benefits and the costs to be incurred comes at the core of such venture (Wolf, 2004). There are numerous attractions for companies to globalize their activities. Foreign sales can be identified as one of the considerations which companies apply before globalization. The economies of different nations keep on fluctuating due to inadequate policies or political activities. Through globalizat ion, the effects of these fluctuations become minimized. Companies, which are global, may recover losses incurred in one country from good sales attained in another country (Smith, 2007). This makes many companies, which have the capability, to desire to venture into the global market. The global market offers security during times of economic recession. When one economy may be experiencing recession another one might be on the rise. Companies with the presence in both economies can be able to maintain a balance through ensuring that losses incurred on one side are recovered in another. It creates a stabilizing effect on the sales volumes achieved by the company. A company may also realize an increase in its global market as a result of globalization. Globalization may be applied as not

Sexual Harassment of Women in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sexual Harassment of Women in India - Essay Example India is predominantly a society where men are far more empowered than women. In spite of the fact that India is a rapidly developing country, yet most of the development is limited to few big cities. There are many regions within India where the cultural norms and lifestyle of people is very different from what is covered by the media or is known to people. India is largely a conservative society in which men are assigned the role of earning bread for the family and women are expected to take care of the family and look after domestic works. However, as the literacy rate of the Indian people has soared up over the decades, the tendency to let women work shoulder to shoulder with men has grown. Nevertheless, â€Å"these young people do not reject traditions governing relations between the sexes†. Accordingly, men see women as objects of sex even when they are their colleagues.

Analyse an aspect of organisation using realist and relativists Essay

Analyse an aspect of organisation using realist and relativists perspectives - Essay Example The realist and relativist viewpoints can both lead to different perspectives and approaches which are a part of various types of business perspectives and organizational behaviors (Dwyer, 39: 2001). One of the aspects that are created from these perspectives is an understanding of how communication works within the internal structure of a business. This is essential for the success of the business as well as the way in which the corporation can continue to grow. From a realist viewpoint, there are specific ways of approaching communication, specifically by leaders and managers of a corporation. However, this is one which comes from the individual personality and understanding of diversity (Ng et al, 474-2006). The incorporation of this viewpoint first comes from a relativist viewpoint which allows individuals to begin practicing specific theories while trying to build an understanding of how to community. When examining this topic, there will be an analysis of how communication work s in the corporation through both viewpoints. This will be followed by a discussion of the literature and an organizational analysis that shows how specific corporations can use this element for their success or failure. Through these different analysis and reviews, there will be an understanding of how both viewpoints are required for communication to work in favor of the corporation. The concept of communication in the workplace is one which is first defined by the concept of the relativistic perspective. This states that everything is relative, or theoretical in nature. The relativism which is created in the workplace is one which is essential to notice, specifically because it is known to cause the main conflicts and disputes within a workplace. The lack of communication is one which is based on the perspective associated with a given organization. The perspective

Protestant Reformation Essay Example for Free

Protestant Reformation Essay In the early sixteenth century, Western Europes religious face was dominated by the Roman Catholic faith. The Catholic Church was the sole athority power of day to day values, and before long, conflicting social and political issues began to shake the foundation of the corrupt Catholic Church. Moreover, Western Catholics began to realize the corrupt nature of the Church; as the selling of indulgences was challenged by Martin Luthers 95 Theses, the hierarchal nature of the Church was displayed via blatant acts of simony, and the concept was purgatory was outwardly questioned. Ultimately, as westerners caught wind of the aforementioned doings, an attempt to reform the Catholic Church began brewing: the Protestant Reformation. This Reformation ultimately led to several significant social and political consequences. On one note, the Reformation led to the once-all Catholic western Europeans being separated into several demographics: Catholic Christianty, Protestant Christianty, and Orthodox. As a result, the belief of the founder Jesus Christ was magnified, as well as the belief of the Bible as a doctrine of salvation (in the Protestant faith). Consequently, the popularity of the Bible led to it being printed in vernacular rather than Latin, and thus the Bible began to appeal to a larger audience rather than solely the wealthy and educated. This accessiblity to the lower class revealed the teachings of faith to a previously uninformed demographic. Also, Protestantism had created a new, highly individual spirituality. Survival and salvation depended upon inner faith and self-disclipline, thus a larger emphasis was made on personal commitments and values. As the teachings of the Bible were made more widely availible, the aforementioned notions became more widely available. With this newfound knowledge, and with the economic power of the church now lessened, there came a growth of induvidual liberty. These newfound attitudes and economic turn-around consequently reflected principes of, and led to, capitalism. On another hand, another consequence of the Reformation was many dispays of intolerance. More specifically, King Phillip II of Spain and Bloody Maryof England actively persecuted Protestants. Also, with the Reformation leaving the Churchs power teetering, several Rulers were empowered against the Church. Henry VII, for example, nullified the Popes powers, and in turn the Rulers of Europe had the power to rule their countries however they wished, from square one. This, ultimately, gave rise to the notion of nationalism, which gave rise to the growth of the modern state. Conclusively, the effects of the Protestant Reformation were very much significant. Starting in the hands of Martin Luther, the reform not only tore apart the religious unity of Europe at the time, but also contributed to induvidual attitudes and values, the growth of nationalism and the modern state, but also shined a light on the path to a capitalistic society.

Job Offset in a CNC Milling Machine

Job Offset in a CNC Milling Machine (a) Introduction 3.1 This narrative is based on my final year project, completed as a part of my bachelors degree in Mechanical Engineering at Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering (Anna University affiliated) Tamil Nadu, India. The project on Job offset in a CNC milling machine was carried out at Tractors and Farm Equipment Private Limited (TAFE), Tamil Nadu, India and was performed between the months of Jan, 2014 to April, 2014. (b) Background The final year project is a mandatory unit for the bachelor of engineering degree which has to be completed in a group of four as a part of the curriculum. I did this along with three others who were with me during the last semester of my degree. During the course of the project, I presented several presentations and seminars according to the guidelines of Anna University. The project was done in order to reduce the defects during production at Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited (TAFE). With increasing competition in all fields and industries, the market demands zero defect products. In order to facilitate this, I implemented the poka-yoke scheme to reduce the production defects by using simple cost effective techniques. In a machine cell, the quality of machining should be inspected after each machining. After every machining, the quality of product gets reduced due to the formation of the burr which further leads to an offset in the next job. This offset causes the quality loss in machining and hence the product dimensions have a slight deviation from the actual dimension. The nature of my work was to design a pneumatic system which alerts the machine operator if an offset was detected. The project was supervised under Mr. Manoj Kumar Roy, the assistant professor in the department of Mechanical Engineering at Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering. I also did extensive literature research on total quality management techniques and came up with this poka-yoke strategy for mistake proofing to prevent defects. Some of the core principle duties of this project incorporated the following: During the course of the project, I attended meetings with my project coordinator and my team mates to discuss the progress of our project. I also coordinated several formal and informal group meeting with my group members to discuss on any problems encountered during the course of the project. I presented seminars and reports as a part of my bachelors degree curriculum. I referred to a number of papers to collect information on the poka-yoke scheme. I performed a plant quality analysis to analyze the number of product defects in a particular year. I prepared a report on the observations made by each member of the team. (c) Personal Engineering Activity The ever increasing production demands for a zero defect product quality. This has given rise to various techniques for quality management. Among different techniques, I selected the poka-yoke technique which is a Japanese improvement strategy for mistake-proofing to prevent defects from arising during production processes. I selected this technique because of its simplicity and efficiency in a cost efficient manner. I performed an analysis to determine the major causes of defects in order to device ways to reduce or eliminate them. I found that, the errors are often due to the misunderstanding, incorrect identification, could be good intentions but improperly implemented such as processing errors, error in setting up the work piece, assembly omissions, a wrong part was included, wrong work piece, errors in preparation of tools, equipment maintenance errors, operational errors, dimensional errors, fixtures, blades. etc. All these errors was prevented by the application of the poka-yoke technique. I prepared a flow chart (figure 1) for the methodology to be followed for mistake proofing. I referred to a number of papers to learn more about the concept of poka-yoke. I found out that poka-yoke can be classified into three types as shutdown poka-yoke, warning poka-yoke and control poka-yoke. I analyzed the sales profile of the company for its various products: transmission casing, front axle line, centre housing line and differential casing line. Figure 1: Methodology of mistake proofing I applied the poka-yoke technique for the elimination of errors in a CNC milling, drilling and boring machines. A milling machine is a fully computer controlled vertical mill with the spindle moving vertically along the Z axis. The first equipment that I designed for the elimination of errors in the CNC milling machine was the pneumatic air filter. Figure 2: Pneumatic air filter In the compressed air system, hard particles tends to damage the equipment and piping. The result is damage to the system and more particles are generated. The pneumatic air filter helps eliminate these impurities. The next equipment which I suggested for the machine was the mist collector. The mist collector works on mechanism of inertial impaction, interception and Brownian diffusion. I also included the use of an air pressure regulator which is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or gas at a certain pressure. I designed an air micro switch which is a switching device used for detecting the displacement of work piece and is kept on a machine while machining. It applies the principle of air micrometers, and can detect the seating of the objects without contact. It is designed in such a way to work in any harsh conditions, so that it can be placed inside the drilling machine. The back pressure that is received from the sensed components was allowed to hit a diaphragm which then deforms to give the pressure output. If the pressure received was large enough to move the air switch upwards, it closed the circuit and hence the operator could be alerted. However, the output current that was produced by the sensor was very low and hence to amplify the output signal, I placed a PNP transistor inside the sensor. The transistor amplifies the current and sends it to the output. Figure 3: Circuit diagram and specification of PNP transistor Similarly, pneumatic coupler, pneumatic manifold, rest pad and relay circuits were also added. Figure 4: Schematic of the components used in the machine The project was mainly intended to alert the machine operator if a job was not seated correctly on the CNC machine. The clamps that hold the job in the CNC milling machine would not work unless the proper seating takes place. The minimal gap allowed was 10 microns. Beyond that the relay switches off the clamping circuit. The shut off valve cuts off the pneumatic circuit in case of any emergencies. The mist separator was used to absorb the moisture content present in the air. The purpose of air filter was to remove the impurities present in the air which could cause damage to the machine during operation. The air pressure is regulated by the regulator passing through the air filter. This prevents damage to the machine. The air micro switch acts as the sensor. If the pressure that was received from the device was not sufficient enough, then the clamping circuit would be disengaged. Pneumatic coupler connects the air supply with the pneumatic manifold. The purpose of the manifold was to divide the supply of air to multiple channels. Rest pads or Butt pads are the provisions provided on the machine for the job to be seated. The main objective of this project was to provide mistake proofing to a CNC machine. I was able to execute this by making changes to the existing horizontal milling machine. I analyzed the defective product after the implementation of the project. The implementation of the project leads to the decrease in rejection of the machined products by 3% and have considerably increased the production rate. Finally, a master report was submitted to our department head. I also underwent an oral viva voce examination where I had to present my part of the project briefly and answered questions about various aspects of the project. (d) Summary This project in my engineering career helped me comprehend valuable principles of working together as a team and presented me the opportunity to understand and implement my theoretical knowledge into practice. I understood the importance of working as team and the need to step up as a leader when necessary. I gained profound knowledge in total quality management, seminars and presentations which boosted my confidence during the course of the project. The project was completed in time and well within budget. It also provided me a great exposure with company personnel and I benefitted a great deal from the interactions with company superiors.